The Ankarafantsika National Park, located in northwestern Madagascar in a dry forest zone, is one of the protected forests highly vulnerable to deforestation. At the level of the park, very little work has been done on the state and dynamics of plant formations. The objective is to make a landscape assessment using field data and high spatial resolution image analysis (SPOT 5) in order to both establish (an updated map of land use at a fine scale, which includes the detailed regional typology of the major plant formations as well as to to highlight, from the Landsat imagery (1973, 1996, 2006 and 2016), the agricultural pressures exerted on the park by the deforestation and the demographic dynamics in the periphery of the park. The different classes of land occupation were defined based on in situ observations made in March 2016 during a reconnaissance within the park. To analyze the agro-demographic pressure on the park, we were particularly interested in its peripheral zone, a transition area belonging to the rural domain. Considering a perimeter of 10 km around the park, we analyzed the evolution of deforestation over the period 1973-2016 on the one hand, and the evolution of demographic factors over the period 2006-2013 on the other hand. The results show a continuous agro-demographic pressure on the Ankarafantsika park bringing about the rapid deforestation of the immediate periphery of the park at the rate of 3.5% per year. The anthropic pressure threatens one of the last forests of the region.