, Les indices ont été calculés sur la donnée brute non nettoyée. Les phases de pleine lune (PL) sont indiquées. Les valeurs de SPL sont en dBrms re 1?Pa, les autres indices sont sans unité. La couleur du cartouche indique la température de l'eau telle qu'estimée par la NOAA pour chaque mois, Variabilité des 6 indices écoacoustiques entre le 29 avril 2018 et le 4 février 2019
, Spectrogramme d'un échantillon de 5 min enregistré par la station fixe d'Europa. L'échantillon de son correspondant est disponible dans le supplément électronique de la thèse : E24_EUR10fixe_annexe6.4_020918_121228.wav. Plusieurs évènements de broutage par les poissons perroquets sont clairement audibles entre 2min45 et 3min30
En effet dans le cas d'Europa, chaque site de suivi est en général échantillonné durant une plongée de 1 h tous les 3 à 5 ans, il est ainsi difficile de savoir si l'observation de changements de la structure des communautés d'organismes mobiles (e.g. poissons) est due au moment où est réalisé l'échantillonnage ou à une réelle transformation de l'écosystème. Les résultats du chapitre 6 ont montré la pertinence des indices écoacoustiques pour suivre les grandes tendances de l'activité biologique du récif. Ces indices pourraient être combinés pour produire des « long-term false color spectrogram », afin de fournir aux gestionnaires une visualisation rapide et synthétique des variations temporelles à long-terme des paysages sonores, les résultats des suivis réalisés in situ dans un contexte temporel, 2014. ,
, Cependant, la réponse à certains objectifs de gestion, ou certains questionnements scientifiques, peut nécessiter une information différente de celle fournie par les indices écoacoustiques. Des méthodes de détection automatique pourraient alors être employées. J'envisage prochainement de tester quelques-unes de ces approches pour évaluer leur
indiquent en effet que la diversité des types de signaux et des environnements acoustiques nécessitent de tester plusieurs méthodes de classification pour déterminer la plus adaptée à chaque cas. Une première étape pourrait être d'utiliser une méthode de classification non, 2018. ,
, Multiresolution Analysis of Acoustic Diversity -MAAD
Une deuxième étape pourrait se focaliser sur certains signaux d'origine biologique mis en évidence dans la première étape. Il s'agirait alors de les détecter de façon automatique dans le jeu de données en utilisant des méthodes de machine learning basée sur de la classification supervisée, ) afin d'identifier les principaux types de signaux présents dans le jeu de données (i.e. les 11 mois de suivis temporel à Europa), 2017. ,
Un jeu de données (« training dataset ») a été constitué à partir d'annotations manuelles pour entraîner le système de détection à reconnaître automatiquement les évènements annotés par recherche d'analogies avec les templates (« cross correlation »). Le système est ensuite validé sur un deuxième jeu de données de taille équivalente (« validation dataset ») également constitué à partir d'annotations manuelles. Ce deuxième jeu de données a pour but de vérifier la capacité de détection du système. Une fois identifiés les paramètres du système qui optimisent la capacité de détection, nous l'utiliserons sur le jeu de données complet (i.e. les 11 mois de suivis temporel à Europa) afin d'explorer la phénologie de l'activité de broutage sur ce récif et vérifier la cohérence des résultats par rapport à la littérature. Le suivi en « quasi temps réel » de ce processus particulièrement clé dans un contexte de changements climatiques, les derniers mois visant à mettre au point un détecteur automatique permettant de quantifier l'activité de broutage par les poissons perroquets. Nous travaillons avec le package « monitoR, 2014. ,
articuler l'utilisation de cette méthode avec les autres outils de suivis, l'adaptation du suivi des écosystèmes coralliens à un monde qui change rapidement est en bonne voie. D'autre défis nous attendent, à commencer par la prise en compte des spécificités socioécologiques locales, incontournable dans le succès des stratégies de conservation que nous devons mettre en oeuvre, 2012. ,
Cette prise en compte implique la recherche des leviers de conservation adaptés à chaque situation (e.g. interdictions saisonnières de la pêche de certaines espèces, ou de certains engins de pêche, ou de certaines zones, tailles minimales de captures), en s'appuyant sur la perception des bénéfices par les populations locales, 2012. ,
Cependant, les récents progrès technologiques (e.g. véhicules autonomes sous-marins, stimulation de la croissance de boutures de corail par courant faible, sélection génétiques de boutures thermo-résistantes, Doropoulos et al., 2019) et seront certainement multipliées dans les prochaines années. Comme pour les méthodes de suivis, les technologies dont nous disposons aujourd'hui, 2012. ,
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