S. Arnaud-haond and K. Belkhir, Genclone: A computer program to analyse genotypic data, test for clonality and describe spatial clonal organization, Mol. Ecol. Notes, vol.7, pp.15-17, 2007.

S. Arnaud-haond, C. M. Duarte, F. Alberto, and E. A. Serrao, Standardizing methods to address clonality in population studies, Molecular ecology, vol.16, pp.5115-5139, 2007.

N. D. Barlow, S. Goldson, and D. Pimentel, Alien invertebrates in New Zealand. Biological Invasions Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species, pp.195-216, 2002.

J. Cornuet, M. Beaumont, A. Estoup, and M. Solignac, Inference on microsatellite mutation processes in the invasive mite, Varroa destructor, using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. Theor, Popul. Biol, vol.69, pp.129-144, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02668580

D. Ruijter, A. Pappas, and N. , Karyotype and sex determination of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Varroa jacobsoni Oud. affecting honey bees: present status and needs. R. Cavalloro, Commission of the European Communities, pp.41-47, 1983.

H. Delatte, M. Virgilio, C. Simiand, C. Risterucci, D. Meyer et al., Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), Mol. Ecol. Res, vol.10, pp.576-579, 2010.

H. A. Denmark, H. L. Cromroy, and L. Cutts, Varroa mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans: (Acari: Varroidae), vol.347, 1991.

K. Dlugosch and I. Parker, Founding events in species invasions: Genetic variation, adaptive evolution, and the role of multiple introductions, Mol. Ecol, vol.17, pp.431-449, 2008.

M. E. Dorken and C. G. Eckert, Severely reduced sexual reproduction in northern populations of a clonal plant, Decodonverticillatus (Lythraceae), Journal of Ecology, vol.89, pp.339-350, 2001.

T. L. Dynes, J. C. De-roode, J. I. Lyons, J. A. Berry, K. S. Delaplane et al., Fine scale population genetic structure of Varroa destructor , an ectoparasitic mite of the honey bee, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01538640

, Apidologie, vol.48, pp.93-101

G. Evanno, S. Regnaut, and J. Goudet, Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: A simulation study, Mol. Ecol, vol.14, pp.2611-2620, 2005.

J. D. Evans, Microsatellite loci in the honey bee parasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni, Mol. Ecol, vol.9, pp.1436-1438, 2000.

D. Falush, M. Stephens, and J. K. Pritchard, Inference of population structure using multi-locus genotype data: Dominant markers and null alleles, Mol. Ecol. Notes, vol.7, pp.574-578, 2007.

M. Fazier, E. Muli, T. Conklin, D. Schmehl, B. Torto et al., A scientific note on Varroa destructor found in East Africa, Apidologie, vol.41, pp.463-465, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00892074

P. Franck, L. Garnery, A. Loiseau, B. P. Oldroyd, H. R. Hepburn et al., Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data, Heredity, vol.86, pp.420-430, 2001.

J. Goudet, Fstat, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices, 2001.

L. Handley, A. Estoup, D. Evans, C. Thomas, E. Lombaert et al., Ecological genetics of invasive alien species, Biol. Control, vol.56, pp.409-428, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02650347

, Genetic diversity of Varroa destructor from Madagascar

P. Latreille, Notice des espèces d'abeilles vivant en grande société, ou abeilles proprement dites et description d'espèces nouvelles, Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat, vol.5, pp.161-178, 1804.

P. Leberg, Estimating allelic richness: Effects of sample size and bottlenecks, Mol. Ecol, vol.11, pp.2445-2449, 2002.

C. E. Lee, Evolutionary genetics of invasive species, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.17, pp.386-391, 2002.

M. Lynch, Destabilizing hybridization, generalpurpose genotypes and geographic parthenogenesis, Q. Rev. Biol, vol.59, pp.257-290, 1984.

S. Martin, K. Holland, and M. Murray, Nonreproduction in the honeybee mite Varroa jacobsoni, Exp. Appl. Acarol, vol.21, pp.539-549, 1997.

A. N. Mortensen, D. R. Schmehl, M. Allsopp, T. A. Bustamante, C. B. Kimmel et al., Differences in Varroa destructor infestation rates of two indigenous subspecies of Apis mellifera in the Republic of South Africa, Exp. Appl. Acarol, vol.68, pp.509-515, 2016.

M. Nei, Molecular evolutionary genetics, Columbia university press, 1987.

D. Pimentel, L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison, Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the united states, Biol. Sci, vol.50, pp.53-65, 2000.

T. Polzin and S. V. Daneshmand, On steiner trees and minimum spanning trees in hypergraphs, Operat. Res. Lett, vol.31, pp.12-20, 2003.

S. G. Potts, J. C. Biesmeijer, C. Kremen, P. Neumann, O. Schweiger et al., Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.25, pp.345-353, 2010.

J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, vol.155, pp.945-959, 2000.

H. Rasolofarivao, J. Clemencet, M. A. Techer, L. H. Raveloson-ravaomanarivo, B. Reynaud et al., Genetic diversity of the endemic honeybee: Apis mellifera unicolor (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Madagascar, Apidologie, vol.46, pp.735-747, 2015.

H. Rasolofoarivao, J. Clémencet, L. H. Raveloson-ravaomanarivo, D. Razafindrazaka, B. Reynaud et al., Spread and strain determination of Varroa destructor (acari: Varroidae) in Madagascar since its first report in 2010, Exp. App. Acarol, vol.60, pp.521-530, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01199306

H. Rasolofoarivao, H. Delatte, L. H. Raveloson-ravaomanarivo, B. Reynaud, and J. Clemencet, Assessing hygienic behavior of Apis mellifera unicolor (Hymenoptera: Apidae), the endemic honeybee from Madagascar, GMR, vol.14, pp.5879-5889, 2015.

F. Rousset, Genepop'007: A complete reimplementation of the Genepop software for windows and Linux, Mol. Ecol. Res, vol.8, pp.103-106, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00366752

F. Ruttner, Biogeography and taxonomy of honey bees, 1988.

A. K. Sakai, F. W. Allendorf, J. S. Holt, D. M. Lodge, J. Molofsky et al., The population biology of invasive species, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst, vol.32, pp.305-332, 2001.

M. Solignac, D. Vautrin, A. Pizzo, M. Navajas, L. Conte et al., Characterization of microsatellite markers for the apicultural pest Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and its relatives, Mol. Ecol. Notes, vol.3, pp.556-559, 2003.

M. Solignac, J. M. Cornuet, D. Vautrin, L. Conte, Y. Anderson et al., The invasive Korea and Japan types of Varroa destructor , ectoparasitic mites of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera ), are two partly isolated clones, Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci, vol.272, pp.411-419, 2005.

R. Strapazzon, F. E. Carneiro, J. C. Guerra, and G. Moretto, Genetic characterization of the mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) collected from honey bees Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Gen. Mol. Res, vol.8, pp.990-997, 2009.

U. Strauss, C. W. Pirk, R. M. Crewe, H. Human, and V. Dietemann, Impact of Varroa destructor on honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata ) colony development in South Africa, Exp. Appl. Acarol, vol.65, pp.89-106, 2015.

U. Strauss, V. Dietemann, H. Human, R. M. Crewe, and C. W. Pirk, Resistance rather than tolerance explains survival of savannah honeybees (Apis mellifera scutellata ) to infestation by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, Parasitology, vol.143, pp.374-387, 2016.

B. S. Weir and C. C. Cockerham, Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure, Evolution, vol.38, pp.1358-1370, 1984.

D. S. Wilcove, D. Rothstein, J. Dubow, A. Phillips, and E. Losos, Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States, BioScience, vol.48, pp.607-615, 1998.