, African political parties as a vehicle for communication, propaganda, political pressure, and political education? As such they are a powerful and flexible weapon in many types of political activity, p.284, 1975.

, Oral literature has formed part of election campaigns as far back as the 1950s and 60s. For example, Senegal and Sierra Leone in 1957, Nyasaland in 1961, and Northern Rhodesia in 1962. South Africa was no exception in 1994. Quite clearly it is those who hold power and the performer's ability to be innovative as a contemporary socio-political commentator, as well as the people in general who legitimise power in a democracy, who will continue to influence the tradition which remains a micro-context within the wider macro strategy of power and ideology in South Africa. The use of opening epithets in oral poetry such as "Amandla!, These songs were used by the Mau Mau movement in Kenya in the 1950s. Song and poetry was also used during Nkrumah's imprisonment by colonial authorities, pp.90-116, 1975.

, Discourse and its disguises. The interpretation of African oral texts, Birmingham University African Studies Series, vol.1, 1989.

R. Finnegan, Oral poetry. Its nature, significance and social context, 1992.

A. Goldstuck, Ink in the porridge, 1994.

E. Gunner, Discourse and its disguises. The interpretation of African oral texts, pp.42-48, 1989.

D. H. Hymes, The ethnography of speaking, Anthropology and human behaviour, 1962.

D. C. Washington, , pp.92-122

R. H. Kaschula, Power and the poet in contemporary Transkei, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, vol.10, issue.2, pp.24-43, 1991.

R. H. Kaschula, Imbongi in profile, English in Africa, vol.20, issue.1, pp.65-76, 1993.

R. H. Kaschula, M. Matyumza, and B. Sitole, Qhiwu-u-u-la! Return to the Fold! Pretoria: Via Afrika, 1996.

R. H. Kaschula, Exploring the oral-written interface with particular reference to Xhosa oral poetry, Research in African Literatures, vol.28, issue.1, pp.173-191, 1997.

R. H. Kaschula and S. Diop, Political processes and the role of the imbongi and griot in Africa, South African Journal of African Languages, vol.20, issue.1, pp.13-28, 2000.

R. H. Kaschula, The bones of the ancestors are shaking. Xhosa oral poetry in context, 2002.

P. Mlama, Oral art and contemporary cultural nationalism, Power, marginality and African oral literature, pp.23-34, 1995.

I. Okpewho and . Ed, The oral performance in Africa, 1990.

W. Ong, Orality and literacy. The technologizing of the word, 1982.

J. Opland, Xhosa oral poetry. Aspects of a black South African tradition, 1983.

A. Wynchank, Oral tradition and its transmission: the many forms of the message. Durban: The Campbell Collections and Centre for Oral Studies: University of Natal, Newspaper: Sunday Times, pp.12-26, 1994.