C. Amante, B. W. Eakins, and G. E. Backus, ETOPO1 1 arc-minute global relief model: Procedures, data sources and analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24, 1, 1. https A geometrical picture of anisotropic elastic tensors, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.8, pp.633-671, 1970.

G. Barruol and F. R. Fontaine, Mantle flow beneath La R??union hotspot track from SKS splitting, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.362, pp.108-121, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.017

G. Barruol and K. Sigloch, Investigating La Réunion hotspot from crust to core, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, issue.23, pp.94-205, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/2013eo230002

C. Bassin, G. Laske, and G. Masters, The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.81, p.897, 2000.

M. D. Behn, C. P. Conrad, and P. G. Silver, Detection of upper mantle flow associated with the African Superplume, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.224, issue.3-4, pp.259-274, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.026

E. Beucler, E. Stutzmann, and J. Montagner, Surface wave higher-mode phase velocity measurements using a roller-coaster-type algorithm, Geophysical Journal International, vol.155, issue.1, pp.289-307, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02041.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/155/1/289/9639821/155-1-289.pdf

M. Beyreuther, R. Barsch, L. Krischer, T. Megies, Y. Behr et al., ObsPy: A Python Toolbox for Seismology, Seismological Research Letters, vol.81, issue.3, pp.81-530, 2010.
DOI : 10.1785/gssrl.81.3.530
URL : http://srl.geoscienceworld.org/content/gssrl/81/3/530.full.pdf

E. Bredow, B. Steinberger, R. Gassmöller, and J. Dannberg, How plume-ridge interaction shapes the crustal thickness pattern of the R??union hotspot track, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.116, issue.11, pp.2930-2948, 2017.
DOI : 10.1029/2010JB008051

G. Burgos, J. Montagner, E. Beucler, Y. Capdeville, A. Mocquet et al., Oceanic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary from surface wave dispersion data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.184, issue.2, pp.1079-1093, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04901.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01391672

K. Burke, The African Plate, South African Journal of Geology, vol.99, issue.4, pp.341-409, 1996.

C. P. Conrad and M. D. Behn, Constraints on lithosphere net rotation and asthenospheric viscosity from global mantle flow models and seismic anisotropy, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.105, issue.11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JB900003
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GC002970/pdf

V. Courtillot, A. Davaille, J. Besse, and J. Stock, Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth???s mantle, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.205, issue.3-4, pp.295-308, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01048-8

V. Courtillot, I. Manighetti, P. Tapponnier, C. Jaupart, and J. Besse, On causal links between flood basalts and continental breakup, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.166, issue.3-4, pp.177-195, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00282-9

V. Courtillot, J. Besse, D. Vandamme, R. Montigny, J. Jaeger et al., Deccan flood basalts at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, pp.3-4, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821x(86)90118-4

D. Boor and C. , A practical guide to splines, 1978.

E. Debayle and J. Lévêque, Upper mantle heterogeneities in the Indian Ocean from waveform inversion, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.127, issue.3, pp.245-248, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb01530.x

E. Debayle and Y. Ricard, A global shear velocity model of the upper mantle from fundamental and higher Rayleigh mode measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.66, issue.3-4, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-9201(91)90075-S
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00772407

E. Debayle and M. Sambridge, Inversion of massive surface wave data sets: Model construction and resolution assessment, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.127, issue.48, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01659.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00656892

E. Debayle, F. Dubuffet, S. Durand, R. A. Duncan, and R. B. Hargraves, An automatically updated S-wave model of the upper mantle and the depth extent of azimuthal anisotropy Geophysical Research Letters 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology of basement rocks from the Mascarene Plateu, the Chagos Bank, and the Maldive Ridge Collage Station, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, pp.674-682, 1990.

R. A. Duncan, J. Backman, and L. C. Peterson, The Volcanic Record of the R??union Hotspot, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, pp.3-10, 1990.
DOI : 10.2973/odp.proc.sr.115.206.1990

J. Dyment, J. Lin, and E. T. Baker, Ridge-Hotspot Interactions: What Mid-Ocean Ridges Tell Us About Deep Earth Processes, Oceanography, vol.20, issue.1, pp.102-115, 2007.
DOI : 10.5670/oceanog.2007.84
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01309236

A. M. Dziewonski and D. L. Anderson, Preliminary reference Earth model, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.25, issue.4, pp.297-356, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7

B. Efron and R. Tibshirani, Statistical data analysis in the computer age (Tech. Rep. 379), 1991.

F. R. Fontaine, G. Barruol, H. Tkal?-ci´cci´c, I. Wölbern, G. Rümpker et al., Crustal and uppermost mantle structure variation beneath La R??union hotspot track, Geophysical Journal International, vol.203, issue.1, pp.107-126, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggv279

A. M. Forte, M. S. Quéré, R. Moucha, N. A. Simmons, S. P. Grand et al., Joint seismic???geodynamic-mineral physical modelling of African geodynamics: A reconciliation of deep-mantle convection with surface geophysical constraints, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.295, issue.3-4, pp.329-341, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.017

S. W. French and B. Romanowicz, Broad plumes rooted at the base of the Earth's mantle beneath major hotspots, Nature, vol.110, issue.7567, 2015.
DOI : 10.1029/2004JB002965

J. E. Georgen, J. Lin, and H. J. Dick, Evidence from gravity anomalies for interactions of the Marion and Bouvet hotspots with the Southwest Indian Ridge: effects of transform offsets, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.187, issue.3-4, pp.283-300, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00293-X

A. Ghosh and W. E. Holt, Plate Motions and Stresses from Global Dynamic Models, Science, vol.114, issue.6391, pp.335-838, 2012.
DOI : 10.1029/2007JB005201

P. Gli?-sovi´csovi´c and A. M. Forte, On the deep-mantle origin of the Deccan Traps, Science, issue.6325, pp.355-613, 2017.

A. E. Gripp and R. G. Gordon, Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities, Geophysical Journal International, vol.150, issue.2, pp.321-361, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01627.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/150/2/321/1649011/150-2-321.pdf

A. Haned, E. Stutzmann, M. Schimmel, S. Kiselev, A. Davaille et al., Global tomography using seismic hum, Geophysical Journal International, vol.204, issue.2, pp.1222-1236, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggv516

A. Hofmann, Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism, Nature, vol.385, issue.6613, pp.219-229, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/385219a0

K. Hosseini, ObspyDMT (Version 1.0.0) [Software, 2015.

G. Ito, J. Lin, and D. Graham, Observational and theoretical studies of the dynamics of mantle plume???mid-ocean ridge interaction, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.14, issue.47, 1002.
DOI : 10.1139/p63-094

H. Kanamori and J. W. Given, Use of long-period surface waves for rapid determination of earthquake-source parameters, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.27, issue.1, pp.8-31, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-9201(81)90083-2

S. D. King and J. Ritsema, African Hot Spot Volcanism: Small-Scale Convection in the Upper Mantle Beneath Cratons, Science, vol.290, issue.5494, pp.290-1137, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.290.5494.1137

C. Kreemer, Absolute plate motions constrained by shear wave splitting orientations with implications for hot spot motions and mantle flow, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.106, issue.41, 2009.
DOI : 10.1139/p63-094
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009JB006416/pdf

G. Laske, G. Masters, Z. Ma, and M. Pasyanos, Update on CRUST1.0 a 1-degree global model of Earth's crust, Geophysical Research Abstract, vol.15, p.2658, 2013.

J. Lév?-eque, E. Debayle, and V. Maupin, Anisotropy in the Indian Ocean upper mantle from Rayleigh- and Love-waveform inversion, Geophysical Journal International, vol.133, issue.3, pp.529-540, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00504.x

A. Levshin, Effects of lateral inhomogeneities on surface wave amplitude measurements, Annales Geophysicae, vol.3, issue.4, pp.511-518, 1985.

J. J. Mahoney, J. H. Natland, W. M. White, R. Poreda, S. H. Bloomer et al., Isotopic and geochemical provinces of the western Indian Ocean Spreading Centers, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.81, issue.B4, pp.4033-4052, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(87)90152-X

I. Mcdougall, A Geological Reconnaissance of Rodriguez Island, Indian Ocean, Nature, vol.1, issue.4979, pp.26-27, 1965.
DOI : 10.1038/206026a0

L. Michon, The Volcanism of the Comoros Archipelago Integrated at a Regional Scale, Active volcanoes of the southwest Indian Ocean, pp.333-344, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-31395-0_21

J. Montagner, Regional three-dimensional structures using long-period surface waves, Annales Geophysicae, vol.4, issue.B3, pp.283-294, 1986.

J. Montagner, 3-dimensional structure of the Indian Ocean inferred from long period surface waves, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.89, issue.4, pp.315-318, 1986.
DOI : 10.1029/JB089iB07p05953

J. Montagner and N. Jobert, Vectorial tomography--II. Application to the Indian Ocean, Geophysical Journal International, vol.94, issue.2, pp.309-344, 1988.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.tb05904.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/94/2/295/1538590/94-2-295.pdf

J. Montagner and H. Nataf, A simple method for inverting the azimuthal anisotropy of surface waves, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.53, issue.B1, pp.511-520, 1986.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1978.tb03746.x

W. J. Morgan, Convection Plumes in the Lower Mantle, Nature, vol.169, issue.5288, pp.42-43, 1971.
DOI : 10.1038/230042a0

W. J. Morgan, Rodriguez, Darwin, Amsterdam, ..., A second type of Hotspot Island, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.80, issue.B11, pp.5355-5360, 1978.
DOI : 10.1029/JB080i011p01399

R. Moucha and A. M. Forte, Changes in African topography driven by mantle convection, Nature Geoscience, vol.99, issue.10, pp.707-712, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.009

H. Nataf, Seismic Imaging of Mantle Plumes, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.28, issue.1, pp.391-417, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.391

W. Nelson, T. Furman, P. Van-keken, and S. Lin, Two plumes beneath the East African Rift system: A geochemical investigation into possible interactions in Ethiopia, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol.1, p.4, 2007.

W. Nelson, T. Furman, and B. Hanan, Sr, Nd, Pb and Hf evidence for two-plume mixing beneath the East African Rift System, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.72, p.676, 2008.

J. Nougier, J. Cantagrel, and J. Karche, The Comores archipelago in the western Indian Ocean: volcanology, geochronology and geodynamic setting, Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), vol.5, issue.2, pp.135-144, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0899-5362(86)90003-5

Y. Park, A. A. Nyblade, A. J. Rodgers, and A. Amri, S wave velocity structure of the Arabian Shield upper mantle from Rayleigh wave tomography, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.192, issue.3, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00465-4

M. J. Pratt, M. E. Wysession, G. Aleqabi, D. A. Wiens, A. A. Nyblade et al., Shear velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle of Madagascar derived from surface wave tomography, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.458, pp.405-417, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.041
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01448651

W. H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, Numerical recipes in Fortran 77, 1992.

N. Ribe, A. Davaille, and U. Christensen, Fluid Dynamics of Mantle Plumes, Mantle Plumes, pp.1-48, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-68046-8_1

J. Ritsema, H. J. Van-heijst, and J. H. Woodhouse, Complex Shear Wave Velocity Structure Imaged Beneath Africa and Iceland, Science, vol.286, issue.5446, pp.286-1925, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5446.1925

M. Saito, Disper80: A subroutine package for the calculation of seismic normal mode solutions, Seismological algorithms: Computational methods and computer programs, pp.293-319, 1988.

M. Sambridge, T. Bodin, K. Gallagher, and H. Tkal?-ci´cci´c, Transdimensional inference in the geosciences, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.102, issue.3, pp.371-20110547, 1984.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb04588.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00776911

A. Schaeffer and S. Lebedev, Global shear speed structure of the upper mantle and transition zone, Geophysical Journal International, vol.194, issue.1, pp.417-449, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggt095

C. Scheingraber, K. Hosseini, R. Barsch, and K. Sigloch, ObsPyLoad: A Tool for Fully Automated Retrieval of Seismological Waveform Data, Seismological Research Letters, vol.84, issue.3, pp.525-531, 2013.
DOI : 10.1785/0220120103

J. Schilling, Iceland Mantle Plume: Geochemical Study of Reykjanes Ridge, Nature, vol.4, issue.5400, pp.565-571, 1973.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1967.tb06257.x

J. Schilling, Upper mantle heterogeneities and dynamics, Nature, vol.82, issue.6006, pp.62-67, 1985.
DOI : 10.1126/science.190.4210.143

J. Schilling, Fluxes and excess temperatures of mantle plumes inferred from their interaction with migrating mid-ocean ridges, Nature, vol.352, issue.6334, pp.397-403, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/352397a0

J. Scholz, G. Barruol, F. R. Fontaine, K. Sigloch, W. C. Crawford et al., -wave and Rayleigh wave polarizations, Geophysical Journal International, vol.208, issue.3, pp.1277-1289, 2017.
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggw426

J. Scholz, G. Barruol, F. R. Fontaine, J. Montagner, E. Stutzmann et al., Upper mantle seismic anisotropy in the southwest Indian Ocean from SKS-splitting measurements: Plate, plume and ridges signatures. Paper presented at AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts S33F-06, 2016.

M. Seton, R. Müller, S. Zahirovic, C. Gaina, T. Torsvik et al., Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.113, issue.3-4, pp.212-270, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002

H. Sheth, Flood basalts and large igneous provinces from deep mantle plumes: fact, fiction, and fallacy, Tectonophysics, vol.311, issue.1-4, pp.311-312, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00150-X

N. Sleep, C. Ebinger, and J. Kendall, Deflection of mantle plume material by cratonic keels, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol.199, issue.1, pp.135-150, 2002.
DOI : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.199.01.08

M. L. Smith and F. Dahlen, The azimuthal dependence of Love and Rayleigh wave propagation in a slightly anisotropic medium, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.12, issue.17, pp.3321-3333, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-1951(71)90002-3

S. C. Stähler, K. Sigloch, K. Hosseini, W. C. Crawford, G. Barruol et al., Performance report of the RHUM-RUM ocean bottom seismometer network around La Réunion, western Indian Ocean Advances in Geosciences, pp.43-63, 2016.

B. C. Storey, The role of mantle plumes in continental breakup: case histories from Gondwanaland, Nature, vol.377, issue.6547, pp.301-308, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/377301a0

E. Stutzmann and J. Montagner, An inverse technique for retrieving higher mode phase velocity and mantle structure, Geophysical Journal International, vol.113, issue.3, pp.669-683, 1993.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb04659.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/113/3/669/1561340/113-3-669.pdf

A. Tarantola and B. Valette, Generalized nonlinear inverse problems solved using the least squares criterion, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.219-232, 1982.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1979.tb03777.x

C. Thoraval, A. Tommasi, and M. Doin, Plume-lithosphere interaction beneath a fast moving plate, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.18, issue.9, pp.1-4, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JB900398
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2005GL024047/pdf

B. G. Upton, The Comores archipelago, pp.21-24, 1980.

G. Van-rossum and J. F. Drake, Python reference manual, 1995.

P. Wessel, W. H. Smith, R. Scharroo, J. Luis, and F. Wobbe, Generic Mapping Tools: Improved version released, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, issue.45, pp.94-409, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/2013eo450001

J. Woodhouse, Surface Waves in a Laterally Varying Layered Structure, Geophysical Journal International, vol.37, issue.3, pp.461-490, 1974.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1974.tb04098.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-pdf/37/3/461/2042233/37-3-461.pdf

M. Wysession, D. Wiens, A. Nyblade, and G. Rambolamanana, Investigating mantle structure with broadband seismic arrays in Madagascar and Mozambique. Paper presented at AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2012.

M. Yamamoto, J. P. Morgan, and W. J. Morgan, Global plume-fed asthenosphere flow???I: Motivation and model development, pp.165-188, 2007.
DOI : 10.1130/2007.2430(09)

M. Yamamoto, J. P. Morgan, and W. J. Morgan, Global plume-fed asthenosphere flow???II: Application to the geochemical segmentation of mid-ocean ridges, pp.189-208, 2007.
DOI : 10.1130/2007.2430(10)