A. Ahmad, A. Ghosh, C. Schal, and L. Zurek, Insects in confined swine operations carry a large antibiotic resistant and potentially virulent enterococcal community, 2011.

. Microbiol, , vol.11, p.23

S. Andres-barranco, J. P. Vico, V. Garrido, M. J. Grillo, S. Samper et al., Epidemiology of subclinical salmonellosis in wild birds from an area of high prevalence of pig salmonellosis: phenotypic and genetic profiles of Salmonella isolates, vol.60, pp.355-65, 2013.

S. Andres-barranco, J. P. Vico, V. Garrido, S. Samper, S. Herrera-leon et al., Role of wild bird and rodents in the epidemiology of subclinical salmonellosis in finishing pigs, Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2014.

M. E. Arnold, A. Cook, and R. Davies, A modelling approach to estimate the sensitivity of pooled faecal samples for isolation of Salmonella in pigs, J R Soc Interface, vol.2, pp.365-72, 2005.

M. E. Arnold, R. J. Gosling, F. Martelli, D. Mueller-doblies, and R. H. Davies, Evaluation of the sensitivity of faecal sampling for detection of monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium and other Salmonella in cattle and pigs, Epidemiol. Infect, pp.1-11, 2014.

R. G. Bengis, F. A. Leighton, J. R. Fischer, M. Artois, T. Morner et al., The role of wildlife in emerging and re-emerging zoonoses, Rev Sci Tech, vol.23, pp.497-511, 2004.

B. R. Berends, H. A. Urlings, J. M. Snijders, and F. Van-knapen, Identification and quantification of risk factors in animal management and transport regarding Salmonella spp. in pigs, Int. J. Food Microbiol, vol.30, pp.37-53, 1996.

M. C. Brittingham, S. A. Temple, and R. M. Duncan, A survey of the prevalence of selected bacteria in wild birds, J Wildl Dis, vol.24, pp.299-307, 1988.

, Version postprint Comment citer ce document

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, E. Lagadec, L. Minter, G. Denis et al., , 2016.

, Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms, Acta Tropica, vol.158, pp.6-12

E. Cardinale, S. Maeder, V. Porphyre, and M. Debin, Salmonella in fattening pigs in Reunion Island: Herd prevalence and risk factors for infection, Prev Vet Med, vol.96, pp.281-285, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01285462

N. Chaichanawongsaroj, K. Vanichayatanarak, T. Pipatkullachat, M. Polrojpanya, and S. Somkiatcharoen, Isolation of gram-negative bacteria from cockroaches trapped from urban environment, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.35, pp.681-685, 2004.

A. Cizek, I. Literak, K. Hejlicek, F. Treml, and J. Smola, Salmonella contamination of the environment and its incidence in wild birds, Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, vol.41, pp.320-327, 1994.

A. Cloarec, C. Rivault, F. Fontaine, and A. Le-guyader, Cockroaches as carriers of bacteria in multi-family dwellings, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.109, pp.483-90, 1992.

E. D'ortenzio, F. X. Weill, S. Ragonneau, J. A. Lebon, P. Renault et al., First report of a Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden outbreak on Reunion Island, Euro surveill, p.13, 2007.

R. H. Davies and C. Wray, Studies of contamination of three broiler breeder houses with Salmonella Enteritidis before and after cleansing and disinfection, Avian Dis, vol.40, pp.626-659, 1996.

S. J. Devi and C. J. Murray, Cockroaches (Blatta and Periplaneta species) as reservoirs of drug-resistant salmonellas, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.107, pp.357-61, 1991.

E. Efsa, The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2012, EFSA Journal, vol.12, p.312, 2014.

, Scientific opinion on monitoring and assessment of the public health risk of "Salmonella Typhimurium-like" strains, EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) 2010, vol.8, p.48, 2010.

H. Fathpour, G. Emtiazi, and E. Ghasemi, Cockroaches as reservoirs and vectors of drug resistant Salmonella spp, Iran Biomed J, vol.7, pp.35-38, 2003.

, Version postprint Comment citer ce document

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, E. Lagadec, L. Minter, G. Denis et al., , 2016.

, Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms, Acta Tropica, vol.158, pp.6-12

. Fcc-consortium, Analysis of the costs and benefits of setting a target for the reduction of Salmonella in pigs at slaughterhouse level for The European Commission Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, 2013.

A. Gargiulo, T. P. Russo, R. Schettini, K. Mallardo, M. Calabria et al., Occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria in urban pigeons (Columba livia) in Italy, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, vol.14, pp.251-256, 2014.

S. M. Gaukler, G. M. Linz, J. S. Sherwood, N. W. Dyer, W. J. Bleier et al., Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Mycobacterium avium subsp, 2009.

, Avian Dis, vol.53, pp.544-51

J. Gong, J. Zhang, M. Xu, C. Zhu, Y. Yu et al., Prevalence and fimbrial genotype distribution of poultry Salmonella isolates in China, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.80, pp.687-93, 2006.

J. Greig, A. Rajic, I. Young, M. Mascarenhas, L. Waddell et al., A scoping review of the role of wildlife in the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance to the food chain, 2014.

P. A. Grimont and F. Weill, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Pasteur Institute, 2007.

V. Guernier, E. Lagadec, G. Leminter, S. Licciardi, E. Balleydier et al., Fleas of small mammals on Reunion Island: diversity, distribution and epidemiological consequences, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.8, p.3129, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274565

I. Henry, M. Chemaly, F. X. Weill, S. Granier, F. Lalande et al., Epidemiological analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Version postprint Comment citer ce document, 2015.

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, E. Lagadec, L. Minter, G. Denis et al., , 2016.

, Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms, Acta Tropica, vol.158, pp.6-12

, 12:i:-isolates determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and antibiotic susceptibility: comparison of isolates from broiler chickens, humans and the environment in Reunion Island, The Open Veterinary Science Journal, vol.9, pp.10-18

I. Henry, S. Granier, C. Courtillon, F. Lalande, M. Chemaly et al., Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from chicken carcasses and environment at slaughter in Reunion Island: prevalence, genetic characterization and antibiotic susceptibility, Trop Anim Health Prod, vol.45, pp.317-343, 2013.

S. B. Hunter, P. Vauterin, M. A. Lambert-fair, M. S. Van-duyne, K. Kubota et al., Establishment of a universal size standard strain for use with the PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols: converting the national databases to the new size standard, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.43, pp.1045-50, 2005.

, Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs -Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. AMENDMENT 1: Annex D: Detection of Salmonella spp, 2007.

P. G. Joseph, H. T. Yee, and S. P. Sivanandan, The occurrence of Salmonellae in house shrews and rats in Ipoh, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.15, pp.326-356, 1984.

A. Kerouanton, M. Marault, R. Lailler, F. X. Weill, C. Feurer et al., Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtyping database for foodborne Salmonella enterica serotype discrimination, Foodborne Pathog Dis, vol.4, pp.293-303, 2007.

C. Kilonzo, X. Li, E. J. Vivas, M. T. Jay-russell, K. L. Fernandez et al., Fecal shedding of zoonotic food-borne pathogens by wild rodents in a major agricultural region of the central California coast, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.79, pp.6337-6381, 2013.

, Version postprint Comment citer ce document

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, E. Lagadec, L. Minter, G. Denis et al., , 2016.

, Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms, Acta Tropica, vol.158, pp.6-12

M. Kirchner, E. Marier, A. Miller, L. Snow, I. Mclaren et al., Application of variable number of tandem repeat analysis to track Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of pigs reared on three British farms through the production cycle to the abattoir, J Appl Microbiol, vol.111, pp.960-970, 2011.

M. Krawiec, M. Kuczkowski, A. Kruszewicz, and A. Wieliczko, Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Salmonella in free-living birds in Poland, BMC Vet Res, vol.11, p.15, 2015.

H. Kruse, A. M. Kirkemo, and K. Handeland, Wildlife as source of zoonotic infections, Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.10, pp.2067-72, 2004.

E. Lagadec, Y. Gomard, V. Guernier, M. Dietrich, H. Pascalis et al., Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in bats, Madagascar and Union of the Comoros, Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.18, pp.1696-1704, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01285454

E. Liebana, L. Garcia-migura, C. Clouting, F. A. Clifton-hadley, M. Breslin et al., Molecular fingerprinting evidence of the contribution of wildlife vectors in the maintenance of Salmonella Enteritidis infection in layer farms, J Appl Microbiol, vol.94, pp.1024-1033, 2003.

A. Liesegang, D. Davos, J. C. Balzer, W. Rabsch, R. Prager et al., Phage typing and PFGE pattern analysis as tools for epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella enterica serovar Bovismorbificans infections, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.128, pp.119-149, 2002.

R. Martinez, S. Sanchez, J. M. Alonso, S. Herrera-leon, J. Rey et al., Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli prevalence in an ocellated lizard (Timon lepidus) research center in Spain, Foodborne Pathog Dis, vol.8, pp.1309-1320, 2011.

, Version postprint Comment citer ce document

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, E. Lagadec, L. Minter, G. Denis et al., , 2016.

, Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms, Acta Tropica, vol.158, pp.6-12

B. G. Meerburg, W. F. Jacobs-reitsma, J. A. Wagenaar, and A. Kijlstra, Presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in wild small mammals on organic farms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.72, pp.960-962, 2006.

B. G. Meerburg and A. Kijlstra, Role of rodents in transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter, J Sci Food Agric, vol.87, pp.2774-2781, 2007.

C. Nkogwe, J. Raletobana, A. Stewart-johnson, S. Suepaul, and A. Adesiyun, Frequency of detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. in the faeces of wild rats (Rattus spp.) in Trinidad and Tobago, Vet Med Int, p.686923, 2011.

T. A. Olson and M. E. Rueger, Experimental transmission of Salmonella Oranienburg through cockroaches, Public Health Rep, vol.65, pp.531-571, 1950.

H. Palmgren, D. Mccafferty, A. Aspan, T. Broman, M. Sellin et al., Salmonella in sub-Antarctica: low heterogeneity in Salmonella serotypes in South Georgian seals and birds, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.125, pp.257-62, 2000.

E. M. Ribot, M. A. Fair, R. Gautom, D. N. Cameron, S. B. Hunter et al., Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet, 2006.

, Foodborne Pathog Dis, vol.3, pp.59-67

N. Rose, F. Beaudeau, P. Drouin, J. Y. Toux, V. Rose et al., Risk factors for Salmonella persistence after cleansing and disinfection in French broiler-chicken houses, Prev Vet Med, vol.44, pp.9-20, 2000.

N. Seepersadsingh and A. A. Adesiyun, Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in pet mammals, reptiles, fish aquarium water, and birds in Trinidad, J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health, vol.50, pp.488-493, 2003.

A. Shimi, M. Keyhani, and K. Hedayati, Studies on salmonellosis in the house mouse, Mus musculus, Lab Anim, vol.13, pp.33-37, 1979.

, Comment citer ce document

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, E. Lagadec, L. Minter, G. Denis et al., , 2016.

, Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms, Acta Tropica, vol.158, pp.6-12

S. P. Singh, M. S. Sethi, and V. D. Sharma, The occurrence of salmonellae in rodent, shrew, cockroach and ant, Int J Zoonoses, vol.7, pp.58-61, 1980.

W. A. Smith, J. A. Mazet, and D. C. Hirsh, Salmonella in California wildlife species: prevalence in rehabilitation centers and characterization of isolates, J Zoo Wildl Med, vol.33, pp.228-263, 2002.

R. A. Stoddard, R. L. Delong, B. A. Byrne, S. Jang, and F. M. Gulland, Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella spp. among marine animals in the Channel Islands, California. Dis Aquat Organ, vol.81, pp.5-11, 2008.

M. J. Struelens, Consensus guidelines for appropriate use and evaluation of microbial epidemiologic typing systems, Clin. Microbiol. Infect, vol.2, pp.2-11, 1996.

F. C. Tenover, R. D. Arbeit, R. V. Goering, P. A. Mickelsen, B. E. Murray et al., Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.33, pp.2233-2242, 1995.

C. Tessier, L. Atiana, E. Cardinale, M. Denis, and . Year, Longitudinal investigation of Salmonella spp. from farm to fork in the pig industry in Reunion Island, 10th International Conference on the Epidemiology and Control of Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards in Pigs and Pork, pp.106-109, 20132013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01162546

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, M. Denis, E. Cardinale, and . Year, Prevalence and risk indicators associated with Salmonella infection in farrow-to-finish farm in Reunion Island, 10th International Conference on the Epidemiology and Control of Biological, Chemical and Physical Hazards in Pigs and Pork, pp.110-113, 2013.

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, E. Lagadec, L. Minter, G. Denis et al., , 2016.

, Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms, Acta Tropica, vol.158, pp.6-12

D. V. Umali, R. R. Lapuz, T. Suzuki, K. Shirota, and H. Katoh, Transmission and shedding patterns of Salmonella in naturally infected captive wild roof rats (Rattus rattus) from a Salmonella-contaminated layer farm, Avian Dis, vol.56, pp.288-94, 2012.

P. J. Van-der-wolf, J. H. Bongers, A. R. Elbers, F. M. Franssen, W. A. Hunneman et al., Salmonella infections in finishing pigs in The Netherlands: bacteriological herd prevalence, serogroup and antibiotic resistance of isolates and risk factors for infection, Vet. Microbiol, vol.67, pp.263-75, 1999.

D. A. Wilkinson, M. Dietrich, C. Lebarbenchon, A. Jaeger, C. Le-rouzic et al., Massive infection of seabird ticks with bacterial species related to Coxiella burnetii, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.80, pp.3327-3360, 2014.

D. A. Wilkinson, J. Melade, M. Dietrich, B. Ramasindrazana, V. Soarimalala et al.,

G. Minter, P. Tortosa, J. M. Heraud, X. De-lamballerie, S. M. Goodman et al., Highly diverse morbillivirus-related paramyxoviruses in wild fauna of the southwestern Indian Ocean Islands: evidence of exchange between introduced and endemic small mammals, J Virol, vol.88, pp.8268-77, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274563

, Comment citer ce document

C. Tessier, L. Parama-atiana, E. Lagadec, L. Minter, G. Denis et al., , 2016.

, Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms, Acta Tropica, vol.158, pp.6-12

, Dendrogram of XbaI profiles of Salmonella spp. isolated from wild fauna in Reunion Island and from a selection of strains from pig farms. The number of isolates of each origin (bird, cockroach, small mammals and pig) was shown in the right side. a : isolated from White-tailed tropicbird and Audubon's shearwater, b : isolated from cockroach in farm with pig isolates sharing the same XbaI profile, c : isolated from rat