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, Université d' Antananarivo; Direction du Système des Aires Protégées et Direction Générale de l'Environnement et des Forêts; and Madagascar National Parks We are indebted to the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar for their help in sample preservation and exportation and Pr. Xavier N. de Lamballerie at Aix Marseille University, IRD, and Dr. David A. Wilkinson from CRVOI for their technical assistance. This work was financially supported by CRVOI and from the European Regional Development Funds FEDER POCT ParamyxOI project (N°33857) The postdoctoral fellowships of B. Ramasindrazana were funded by RUN-Emerge, European Commission FP7 Regpot Capacity program, the Fonds de Coopération régionale His research interests include zoonotic virus and viral evolution mechanisms, Acknowledgements For kindly providing research permits for our work on Madagascar, we are grateful to Département de Biologie Animale Prefecture de La Réunion, and The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, through the Dr. Ralph and Marian Falk Medical Research Trust. N. Wieseke was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) (Proj. No. MI439, pp.14-15

A. Contributions, K. D. , S. M. , and H. P. , conceived and designed the studyL. conducted the bat field sampling and contributed reagents/ materials/analysis tools, J.M. performed the experiments. J