D. M. Alongi, The ecology of tropical soft-bottom benthic ecosystems, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol, vol.28, pp.381-496, 1990.

J. Baron and J. Clavier, Estimation of soft bottom intertidal bivalve stocks on the south-west coast of New Caledonia, Aquatic Living Resources, vol.5, issue.2, pp.99-105, 1992.
DOI : 10.1051/alr:1992010

D. R. Bellwood, A. S. Hoey, and J. H. Choat, Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and ecosystem function on coral reefs, Ecology Letters, vol.4, issue.4, pp.281-285, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00314.x

J. J. Beukema, Long-term effects of mechanical harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina on the zoobenthic community of a tidal flat in the Wadden Sea, Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, vol.33, issue.2, pp.219-227, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0077-7579(95)90008-X

L. Bigot, J. P. Quod, and C. Conand, Bathymetric distribution of soft bottom tropical macrobenthos from the exposed coast of Reunion island (Southwest Indian Ocean). West, Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci, vol.5, pp.1-15, 2006.

P. Bouchet, P. Lozouet, P. Maestrati, and V. Heros, Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.75, issue.4, pp.421-436, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00052.x

A. Brazeiro and O. Defeo, Effects of harvesting and density dependence on the demography of sandy beach populations:the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides of Uruguay, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.182, pp.127-135, 1999.
DOI : 10.3354/meps182127

M. J. Broom, Structure and seasonality in a Malaysian mudflat community, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.15, issue.2, pp.135-150, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7714(82)90024-5

J. C. Castilla, Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.14, issue.7, pp.280-284, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01602-X

J. C. Castilla and L. R. Duran, Human Exclusion from the Rocky Intertidal Zone of Central Chile: The Effects on Concholepas Concholepas (Gastropoda), Oikos, vol.45, issue.3, pp.391-399, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/3565575

C. P. Catterall and R. T. Poiner, The Potential Impact of Human Gathering on Shellfish Populations, with Reference to Some NE Australian Intertidal Flats, Oikos, vol.50, issue.1, pp.131-151, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/3565407

M. G. Chapman, A. J. Underwood, and G. A. Skilleter, Variability at different spatial scales between a subtidal assemblage exposed to the discharge of sewage and two control assemblages, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.189, issue.1-2, pp.103-122, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(95)00017-L

P. Chardy and J. Clavier, Biomass and trophic structure of the macrobenthos in the south-west lagoon of New Caledonia, Marine Biology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.195-202, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00391981

K. R. Clarke and R. M. Warwick, Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation, Natural Environment Research Council, 1994.

P. Dalzell, T. J. Adams, and N. V. Polunin, Coastal fisheries in the Pacific Islands, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol, vol.34, pp.395-531, 1996.

D. M. Dauer, M. W. Luckenbach, and A. J. Rodi, Abundance biomass comparison (ABC method): effects of an estuarine gradient, anoxic/hypoxic events and contaminated sediments, Marine Biology, vol.61, issue.2A, pp.507-518, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00350068

W. F. Deboer and H. H. Prins, The community structure of a tropical intertidal mudflat under human exploitation, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.59, issue.6, pp.1237-1247, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsc.2002.1287

O. Defeo and A. Alava, Effects of human activities on long-term trends in sandy beach populations:the wedge clam Donax hanleyanus in Uruguay, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.123, pp.73-82, 1995.
DOI : 10.3354/meps123073

S. Dittmann, Effects of macrobenthic burrows on infaunal communities in tropical tidal flats, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.134, pp.119-130, 1996.
DOI : 10.3354/meps134119

S. Dittmann, Zonation of benthic communities in a tropical tidal flat of north-east Australia, Journal of Sea Research, vol.43, issue.1, pp.33-41, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1385-1101(00)00004-6

P. Dumas, A. Bertaud, C. Peignon, M. Léopold, and D. Pelletier, A ???quick and clean??? photographic method for the description of coral reef habitats, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.368, issue.2, pp.161-168, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2008.10.002

P. Dumas, H. Jimenez, M. Léopold, G. Petro, and R. Jimmy, Effectiveness of village-based marine reserves on reef invertebrates in Emau, Vanuatu, Environmental Conservation, vol.4, issue.03, pp.364-372, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsn182

P. Dumas, H. Jimenez, C. Peignon, L. Wantiez, and M. Adjeroud, Small-Scale Habitat Structure Modulates the Effects of No-Take Marine Reserves for Coral Reef Macroinvertebrates, PLoS ONE, vol.24, issue.3, pp.1-9, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0058998.t003

L. R. Duran and J. C. Castilla, Variation and persistence of the middle rocky intertidal community of central Chile, with and without human harvesting, Marine Biology, vol.118, issue.3, pp.555-562, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00399588

R. S. Fernandes and A. Soares-gomes, Community structure of macrobenthos in two tropical sandy beaches with different morphodynamic features, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Marine Ecology, vol.30, issue.2, pp.160-169, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.03.016

S. Fraschetti, C. N. Bianchi, A. Terlizzi, G. Fanelli, C. Morri et al., Spatial variability and human disturbance in shallow subtidal hard substrate assemblages: a regional approach, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.212, pp.1-12, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/meps212001

P. Frouin and P. Hutchings, Macrobenthic communities in a tropical lagoon (Tahiti, French Polynesia, central Pacific), Coral Reefs, vol.19, issue.3, pp.277-285, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00006961

C. Garrigue, J. Clavier, and C. Chevillon, Investigations on the soft bottom bentyhos in a southwest Pacific atoll lagoon (Uvea, New Caledonia), Atoll Research Bulletin, vol.452, pp.1-18, 1998.
DOI : 10.5479/si.00775630.452.1

C. L. Griffiths and G. M. Branch, THE EXPLOITATION OF COASTAL INVERTEBRATES AND SEAWEEDS IN SOUTH AFRICA: HISTORICAL TRENDS, ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT, Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, vol.1, issue.1, pp.121-148, 1997.
DOI : 10.1357/0022240943077019

P. A. Hockey, Exploitation of intertidal invertebrates in Transkei and Ciskei, South African National Scientific Programmes, pp.13-15, 1988.

P. A. Hockey and A. L. Bosman, Man as an Intertidal Predator in Transkei: Disturbance, Community Convergence and Management of a Natural Food Resource, Oikos, vol.46, issue.1, pp.3-14, 1986.
DOI : 10.2307/3565373

J. B. Jackson, M. X. Kirby, W. H. Berger, K. A. Bjorndal, L. W. Botsford et al., Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems, Science, vol.293, issue.5530, pp.629-638, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059199

E. Jaramillo, S. Mulsow, and R. Navarro, Intertidal and subtidal macroinfauna in the Queule River Estuary, South of Chile, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat, vol.58, pp.127-137, 1985.

H. Jimenez, P. Dumas, D. Ponton, and J. Ferraris, Predicting invertebrate assemblage composition from harvesting pressure and environmental characteristics on tropical reef flats, Coral Reefs, vol.20, issue.1, pp.89-100, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00338-011-0820-9

H. Jimenez, P. Dumas, M. Léopold, and J. Ferraris, Invertebrate harvesting on tropical urban areas: Trends and impact on natural populations (New Caledonia, South Pacific), Fisheries Research, vol.108, issue.1, pp.195-204, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fishres.2010.12.021

H. Jimenez, P. Dumas, L. Bigot, J. M. Amouroux, and J. Ferraris, Taxonomic resolution needed to describe invertebrate assemblages and to detect harvesting effects on coral reef ecosystems, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.406, pp.211-222, 2010.
DOI : 10.3354/meps08521

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00857717

D. G. Kay and R. D. Knights, The macro-invertebrate fauna of the intertidal soft sediments of south east England, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol.147, issue.04, pp.811-832, 1975.
DOI : 10.2307/1942268

M. J. Keough, G. P. Quinn, and A. King, Correlations between Human Collecting and Intertidal Mollusc Populations on Rocky Shores, Conservation Biology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.378-390, 1993.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07020378.x

J. Kinch, Marine molluscs use among the women of Brooker Island, Lousiade Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. SPC Women Fish, Inf. Bull, vol.13, pp.5-15, 2003.

M. J. Kingsford, A. J. Underwood, and S. J. Kennelly, Humans as predators on rocky reefs in New South Wales, Australia, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.72, pp.1-14, 1991.
DOI : 10.3354/meps072001

D. A. Lancellotti and W. B. Stotz, Effects of shoreline discharge of iron mine tailings on a marine soft-bottom community in northern Chile, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.48, issue.3-4, pp.303-312, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.08.005

T. A. Lasiak and J. G. Field, Community-level attributes of exploited and non-exploited rocky infratidal macrofaunal assemblages in Transkei, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.185, issue.1, pp.33-53, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(94)00130-6

M. Léopold, N. Cornuet, S. Andréfouët, Z. Moenteapo, C. Duvauchelle et al., Comanaging small-scale sea cucumber fisheries in New Caledonia and Vanuatu using stock biomass estimates to set spatial catch quotas, Environmental Conservation, vol.61, issue.04, pp.367-379, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s11160-005-5138-7

T. H. Lui, S. Y. Lee, and Y. Sadovy, Macrobenthos of a tidal impoundment at the Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hydrobiologia, vol.468, issue.1/3, pp.193-212, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1015281114542

A. S. Mackie, P. G. Oliver, T. Darbyshire, and K. Mortimer, Shallow marine benthic invertebrates of the Seychelles Plateau: high diversity in a tropical oligotrophic environment, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.363, issue.1826, pp.203-227, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2004.1488

K. S. Mccann, The diversity???stability debate, Nature, vol.405, issue.6783, pp.228-233, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35012234

S. A. Mccarthy, E. A. Laws, W. A. Estabrooks, J. H. Bailey-brock, and E. A. Kay, Intra-annual Variability in Hawaiian Shallow-water, Soft-bottom Macrobenthic Communities Adjacent to a Eutrophic Estuary, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.50, issue.2, pp.245-258, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/ecss.1999.0559

T. R. Mcclanahan and N. A. Muthiga, Comparative sampling methods for subtidal epibenthic gastropods, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.164, issue.1, pp.87-101, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(92)90138-Z

M. France, Atlas climatique de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Sci. Rep, vol.130, 2007.

C. A. Moreno, J. P. Sutherland, and F. H. Jara, Man as a Predator in the Intertidal Zone of Southern Chile, Oikos, vol.42, issue.2, pp.155-160, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/3544787

L. C. Newton, E. V. Parkes, and R. C. Thompson, The effects of shell collecting on the abundance of gastropods on Tanzanian shores, Biological Conservation, vol.63, issue.3, pp.241-245, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(93)90719-H

A. V. Norström, M. Nyström, J. Lokrantz, and C. Folke, Alternative states on coral reefs: beyond coral???macroalgal phase shifts, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.376, pp.295-306, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps07815

S. Ortega, The effect of human predation on the size distribution of Siphonaria gigas (Mollusca: Pulmonata) on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Veliger, vol.29, pp.251-255, 1987.

P. C. Paiva, Spatial and Temporal Variation of a Nearshore Benthic Community in Southern Brazil: Implications for the Design of Monitoring Programs, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.52, issue.4, pp.423-433, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/ecss.2001.0763

O. A. Pombo and A. Escofet, Effect of exploitation of the limpet Lottia gigantea: a field study in Baja California (Mexico). and California (USA), Pac. Sci, vol.50, pp.393-403, 1996.

A. Purwoko and W. J. Wolff, Low biomass of macrobenthic fauna at a tropical mudflat: An effect of latitude?, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.76, issue.4, pp.869-875, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.013

K. Reise, Macrofauna in mud and sand of tropical and temperate tidal flats, Estuaries and Coasts: Spatial and Temporal Intercomparisons. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp.211-216, 1991.

M. Rius, S. Kaehler, and C. D. Mcquaid, The relationship between human exploitation pressure and condition of mussel populations along the south coast of South Africa, S. Afr. J. Sci, vol.102, pp.130-136, 2006.

K. Roy, A. G. Collins, B. C. Becker, E. Begovic, and J. M. Engle, Anthropogenic impacts and historical decline in body size of rocky intertidal gastropods in southern California, Ecology Letters, vol.62, issue.3, pp.205-211, 2003.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1592

H. L. Sanders, E. M. Goudsmit, E. L. Mills, and G. E. Hampson, A STUDY OF THE INTERTIDAL FAUNA OF BARNSTABLE HARBOR, MASSACHUSETTS1, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.7, issue.1, pp.63-79, 1962.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1962.7.1.0063

A. K. Sharpe and M. J. Keough, An investigation of the indirect effects of intertidal shellfish collection, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.223, issue.1, pp.19-38, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00150-0

P. K. Shin and K. E. Ellingsen, Spatial patterns of soft-sediment benthic diversity in subtropical Hong Kong waters, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.276, pp.25-35, 2004.
DOI : 10.3354/meps276025

W. R. Siegfried, P. A. Hockey, and G. M. Branch, The Exploitation of Intertidal and Subtidal Biotic Resources of Rocky Shores in Chile and South Africa ??? An Overview, Rocky Shores: Exploitation in Chile and South Africa, pp.1-15, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-78283-1_1

J. S. Stella, M. S. Pratchett, P. A. Hutchings, and G. P. Jones, Diversity, importance and vulnerability of coral associated invertebrates. Oceanogr, Mar. Biol.: Annu. Rev, vol.49, pp.43-116, 2011.

T. H. Suchanek, Temperate Coastal Marine Communities: Biodiversity and Threats, American Zoologist, vol.34, issue.1, pp.100-114, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/34.1.100

P. Swadling, Central Province shellfish resources and their utilisation in the prehistoric past of Papua New Guinea, Veliger, vol.19, pp.293-302, 1976.

A. J. Underwood and S. J. Kennelly, Pilot studies for disigns of surveys of human disturbance of intertidal habitats in NSW, Marine and Freshwater Research, vol.41, issue.1, pp.165-173, 1990.
DOI : 10.1071/MF9900165

J. A. Vargas, Community structure of macrobenthos and the results of macropredator exclusion on a tropical intertidal mud flat, Rev. Biol. Trop, vol.36, issue.2, pp.287-308, 1988.

R. M. Warwick, A new method for detecting pollution effects on marine macrobenthic communities, Marine Biology, vol.7, issue.4, pp.557-562, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00392515

R. M. Warwick and K. R. Clarke, Increased variability as a symptom of stress in marine communities, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.172, issue.1-2, pp.215-226, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(93)90098-9

R. B. Whitlatch, SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF THE MACROBENTHOS INHABITING THE INTERTIDAL SAND AND MUD FLATS OF BARNSTABLE HARBOR, MASSACHUSETTS, The Biological Bulletin, vol.152, issue.2, pp.275-294, 1977.
DOI : 10.2307/1540565

R. P. Wynberg and G. M. Branch, Disturbance associated with bait-collection for sandprawns (<I>Callianassa kraussi</I>) and mudprawns (<I>Upogebia africana</I>): Long-term effects on the biota of intertidal sandflats, Journal of Marine Research, vol.52, issue.3, pp.523-558, 1994.
DOI : 10.1357/0022240943077019

M. Zuschin, J. Hohenegger, and F. F. Steininger, Molluscan assemblages on coral reefs and associated hard substrata in the northern Red Sea, Coral Reefs, vol.20, issue.2, pp.107-116, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s003380100140