B. Worm, E. Barbier, N. Beaumont, J. Duffy, and C. Folke, Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services, Science, vol.314, issue.5800, pp.787-790, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1132294

J. Jackson, Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.49, issue.5-6, pp.11458-11465, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/105/Supplement_1/11458.full.pdf

L. Botsford, J. Castilla, and C. Peterson, The Management of Fisheries and Marine Ecosystems, Science, vol.277, issue.5325, pp.509-515, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.277.5325.509

B. Worm, R. Hilborn, J. Baum, T. Branch, and J. Collie, Rebuilding Global Fisheries, Science, vol.18, issue.5699, pp.578-585, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1102425

URL : http://imina.soest.hawaii.edu/PFRP/large_pelagics/worm_etal_2009.pdf

T. Mcclanahan, N. Graham, J. Calnan, and M. Macneil, TOWARD PRISTINE BIOMASS: REEF FISH RECOVERY IN CORAL REEF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN KENYA, Ecological Applications, vol.17, issue.4, pp.1055-1067, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01252.x

S. Lester, B. Halpern, K. Grorud-colvert, J. Lubchenco, and B. Ruttenberg, Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.384, pp.33-46, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps08029

URL : http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2009/384/m384p033.pdf

T. Mcclanahan, Effects of Fisheries Closures and Gear Restrictions on Fishing Income in a Kenyan Coral Reef, Conservation Biology, vol.325, issue.6, pp.1519-1528, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-82858-4

N. Knowlton and J. Jackson, Shifting Baselines, Local Impacts, and Global Change on Coral Reefs, PLoS Biology, vol.315, issue.2, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060054.t001

URL : https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060054

H. Leslie, A Synthesis of Marine Conservation Planning Approaches, Conservation Biology, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1701-1713, 2005.
DOI : 10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0098:UMOMTD]2.0.CO;2

D. Olson and E. Dinerstein, The Global 200: A Representation Approach to Conserving the Earth's Most Biologically Valuable Ecoregions, Conservation Biology, vol.12, issue.3, pp.502-515, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.012003502.x

M. Wafar, K. Venkataraman, B. Ingole, A. Khan, S. Lokabharathi et al., State of Knowledge of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of Indian Ocean Countries, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.1, p.14613, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0014613.s001

T. Mcclanahan, J. Cinner, J. Maina, N. Graham, and T. Daw, Conservation action in a changing climate, Conservation Letters, vol.8, issue.2, pp.53-59, 2008.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511804472.012

W. Bank, Commune-level census data for Madagascar, 2007.

I. and O. Macro, Enquête démographique et de santé, 2003.

J. Laroche, J. Razanoelisoa, E. Fauroux, and M. Rabenevanana, The reef fisheries surrounding the south-west coastal cities of Madagascar, Fisheries Management and Ecology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.285-299, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2400.1997.00051.x

L. Rakotoson and K. Tanner, Community-based governance of coastal zone and marine resources in Madagascar, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.49, issue.11, pp.855-872, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.003

A. Harris, G. Manahira, A. Sheppard, C. Gough, and C. Sheppard, Demise of Madagascar's once great barrier reef : changes in coral reef conditions over 40 years, Atoll Research Bulletin, vol.574, pp.1-18, 2010.
DOI : 10.5479/si.00775630.574.16

URL : https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/8936/00574.pdf

, Indian Ocean Commission () A regional strategy for conserving marine ecosystems and fisheries of the Western Indian Ocean Islands Marine Ecoregion (WIOMER) Draft Report, Madagascar: Indian Ocean Commission and World Wildlife Fund, 2010.

M. Foley, B. Halpern, F. Micheli, M. Armsby, and M. Caldwell, Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning, Marine Policy, vol.34, issue.5, pp.955-966, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.02.001

F. Douvere, The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management, Marine Policy, vol.32, issue.5, pp.762-771, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.021

S. Lourie and A. Vincent, Using Biogeography to Help Set Priorities in Marine Conservation, Conservation Biology, vol.18, issue.4, pp.1004-1020, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01204-5

J. Scott, F. David, B. Csuti, R. Noss, and B. Butterfield, Gap analysis: a geographic approach to protection of biological diversity, Wildlife Monographs, vol.123, pp.1-41, 1993.

E. Sala, O. Aburto-oropeza, G. Paredes, I. Parra, and J. Barrera, A General Model for Designing Networks of Marine Reserves, Science, vol.298, issue.5600, pp.1991-1993, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1075284

I. Ball, H. Possingham, and M. Watts, Marxan and relatives: software for spatial conservation prioritization Spatial conservation prioritization: Quantitative methods and computational tools, pp.185-195, 2009.

J. Leathwick, A. Moilanen, M. Francis, J. Elith, and P. Taylor, Novel methods for the design and evaluation of marine protected areas in offshore waters, Conservation Letters, vol.70, issue.2, pp.91-102, 2008.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00824.x

N. Ban and C. Klein, Spatial socioeconomic data as a cost in systematic marine conservation planning, Conservation Letters, vol.16, issue.5, pp.206-215, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00071.x

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2009.00071.x/pdf

R. Weeks, G. Russ, A. Bucol, and A. Alcala, Shortcuts for marine conservation planning: The effectiveness of socioeconomic data surrogates, Biological Conservation, vol.143, issue.5, pp.1236-1244, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.031

E. Game, M. Watts, S. Wooldridge, and H. Possingham, PLANNING FOR PERSISTENCE IN MARINE RESERVES: A QUESTION OF CATASTROPHIC IMPORTANCE, Ecological Applications, vol.18, issue.3, pp.670-680, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00055789

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/07-1027.1/pdf

E. Mcleod, R. Salm, A. Green, and J. Almany, Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.11, issue.7, pp.362-370, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00338-003-0361-y

M. Beck, The sea around: Conservation planning in marine regions Drafting a conservation blueprint: A practioner's guide to planning biodiversity, pp.319-344, 2003.

C. Klein, C. Steinback, A. Scholz, and H. Possingham, Effectiveness of marine reserve networks in representing biodiversity and minimizing impact to fishermen: a comparison of two approaches used in California, Conservation Letters, vol.116, issue.1, pp.44-51, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00005.x

P. Wessel and W. Smith, A global, self-consistent, hierarchical, high-resolution shoreline database, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.76, issue.33, pp.8741-8743, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/95EO00198

URL : https://zenodo.org/record/1231376/files/article.pdf

J. Maina, V. Venus, T. Mcclanahan, and M. Ateweberhan, Modelling susceptibility of coral reefs to environmental stress using remote sensing data and GIS models, Ecological Modelling, vol.212, issue.3-4, pp.180-199, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.033

T. Mcclanahan, M. Ateweberhan, J. Omukoto, and L. Pearson, Recent seawater temperature histories, status, and predictions for Madagascar???s coral reefs, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.380, pp.117-128, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps07879

S. Andréfouët, N. Chagnaud, and C. Kranenburg, Atlas of Western Indian Ocean coral reefs. Centre IRD de Nouméa, 2009.

J. Veron and E. Turak, Zooxanthellate scleractinia of Madagascar A rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of northwest Madagascar, Conservation International, pp.23-25, 2005.

A. Cooke, J. Lutjeharms, and P. Vasseur, Marine and coastal ecosystems of Madagascar, Natural history of Madagascar, pp.179-208, 2003.

S. Mckenna and G. Allen, A rapid marine biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of Northwest Madagascar

B. Rakotonirina and A. Cooke, Sea turtles of Madagascar ??? their status, exploitation and conservation, Oryx, vol.48, issue.01, pp.51-61, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(73)90054-2

J. Kiszka, C. Muir, C. Poonian, T. Cox, and O. Amir, Marine mammal bycatch in the Southwest Indian Ocean: review and need for a comprehensive status assessment, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Sciences, vol.7, pp.119-136, 2009.

H. Rosenbaum, Marine mammals of Madagascar Natural history of Madagascar, pp.217-221, 2003.

M. Schartl, U. Hornung, K. Hissmann, J. Schauer, and H. Fricke, Relatedness among east African coelacanths, Nature, vol.411, issue.7044, pp.901-901, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/35075500

L. Fishpool and M. Evans, Important bird areas in Africa and associated islands. Priority sites for conservation, 2001.

L. Corre, M. Bemanaja, and E. , Discovery of two major seabird colonies in Madagascar, Marine Ornithology, vol.37, pp.153-158, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00858447

C. Sheppard, Coral Reefs of the Western Indian Ocean: An Overview, Coral reefs of the Indian Ocean, pp.3-34, 2000.

C. Gabrié, P. Vasseur, H. Randriamiarana, J. Maharavo, and M. E. , The coral reefs of Madagascar, Coral reefs of the Indian Ocean, pp.411-444, 2000.

T. Mcclanahan, J. Maina, and N. Muthiga, Associations between climate stress and coral reef diversity in the western Indian Ocean, Global Change Biology, vol.17, issue.6, p.pp no?no, 2011.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02055.x

T. Davies, N. Beanjara, and T. Tregenza, A socio-economic perspective on gear-based management in an artisanal fishery in south-west Madagascar. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 2009.

S. Anderson, J. Flemming, R. Watson, and H. Lotze, In press) Serial exploitation of global sea cucumber fisheries, Fish and Fisheries
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00397.x

D. Barnes and K. Rawlinson, Traditional coastal invertebrate fisheries in south-western Madagascar, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol.30, issue.08, pp.1589-1596, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s003380050205

A. Mcvean, R. Walker, and E. Fanning, The traditional shark fisheries of southwest Madagascar: A study in the Toliara region, Fisheries Research, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.280-289, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.06.016

, Protected areas of Madagascar digital GIS shapefiles, SAPM, 2010.

L. Ministre-de, . Environnment, . Des-forêts, . Ministre-de-l-'e-´-levage, and L. Ministre-de, , 2010.

E. Lagabrielle, J. Maina, L. Massé, M. Séré, and R. Watson, Mapping anthropogenic drivers of change for biodiversity conservation planning in the Western Indian Ocean. AntananarivoMadagascar: Indian Ocean Commission & World Wildlife Fund Madagascar, 2009.

R. Watson, C. Revenga, and Y. Kura, Fishing gear associated with global marine catches, Fisheries Research, vol.79, issue.1-2, pp.97-102, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.01.010

R. Watson, C. Revenga, and Y. Kura, Fishing gear associated with global marine catches, Fisheries Research, vol.79, issue.1-2, pp.103-111, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fishres.2006.01.013

R. Pressey, R. Cowling, and M. Rouget, Formulating conservation targets for biodiversity pattern and process in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, Biological Conservation, vol.112, issue.1-2, pp.99-127, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00424-X

G. Harper, M. Steininger, C. Tucker, D. Juhn, and F. Hawkins, Fifty years of deforestation and forest fragmentation in Madagascar, Environmental Conservation, vol.5, issue.04, pp.325-333, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00041-0

J. Moat and P. Smith, Atlas of the vegetation of Madagascar, Royal Botanic Gardens, 2007.

S. Phillips, R. Anderson, and R. Schapire, Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions, Ecological Modelling, vol.190, issue.3-4, pp.231-259, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026

R. Pearson, C. Raxworthy, M. Nakamura, T. Peterson, and A. , ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Predicting species distributions from small numbers of occurrence records: a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar, Journal of Biogeography, vol.157, issue.1, pp.102-117, 2007.
DOI : 10.17161/bi.v2i0.4

T. Boyer, J. Antonov, H. Garcia, D. Johnson, and R. Locarnini, World Ocean Database, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005.

J. Becker, D. Sandwell, W. Smith, J. Braud, B. Binder et al., Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS, Marine Geodesy, vol.17, issue.4, pp.355-371, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0074-6142(01)80155-8

R. Unsworth and L. Cullen, Recognising the necessity for Indo-Pacific seagrass conservation, Conservation Letters, vol.2, issue.2, pp.63-73, 2010.
DOI : 10.1071/MF9930211

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00101.x/pdf

E. Fleishman, R. Noss, and B. Noon, Utility and limitations of species richness metrics for conservation planning, Ecological Indicators, vol.6, issue.3, pp.543-553, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.07.005

A. Moilanen, Landscape Zonation, benefit functions and target-based planning: Unifying reserve selection strategies, Biological Conservation, vol.134, issue.4, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.008

M. Watts, I. Ball, R. Stewart, C. Klein, and K. Wilson, Marxan with Zones: Software for optimal conservation based land- and sea-use zoning, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.24, issue.12, pp.1513-1521, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.06.005

A. Moilanen, B. Anderson, F. Eigenbrod, A. Heinemeyer, and D. Roy, Balancing alternative land uses in conservation prioritization, Ecological Applications, vol.21, issue.5, pp.1419-1426, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.026

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/10-1865.1/pdf

T. Mcclanahan, J. Cinner, N. Graham, T. Daw, and J. Maina, Identifying Reefs of Hope and Hopeful Actions: Contextualizing Environmental, Ecological, and Social Parameters to Respond Effectively to Climate Change, Conservation Biology, vol.23, issue.3, pp.662-671, 2009.
DOI : 10.3755/jcrs.2002.43

H. Leslie, R. Ruckelshaus, I. Ball, S. Andelman, and H. Possingham, USING SITING ALGORITHMS IN THE DESIGN OF MARINE RESERVE NETWORKS, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.185-198, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0185:USAITD]2.0.CO;2

R. Stewart and H. Possingham, Efficiency, costs and trade-offs in marine reserve system design, Environmental Modeling & Assessment, vol.19, issue.4, pp.203-213, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/mre.11.3.42629158

M. Watts and L. Kircher, Advanced Marxan course manual. BrisbaneQueensland: The Ecology Centre, 2009.

S. Airame, J. Dugan, K. Lafferty, H. Leslie, and D. Mcardle, APPLYING ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA TO MARINE RESERVE DESIGN: A CASE STUDY FROM THE CALIFORNIA CHANNEL ISLANDS, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.170-184, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0170:AECTMR]2.0.CO;2

E. Game, M. Bode, E. Mcdonald-madden, H. Grantham, and H. Possingham, Dynamic marine protected areas can improve the resilience of coral reef systems, Ecology Letters, vol.17, issue.12, pp.1336-1345, 2009.
DOI : 10.5751/ES-00667-090210

R. Pressey and A. Nicholls, Efficiency in conservation evaluation: Scoring versus iterative approaches, Biological Conservation, vol.50, issue.1-4, pp.199-218, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(89)90010-4

T. Mcclanahan, Is there a future for coral reef parks in poor tropical countries?, Coral Reefs, vol.18, issue.4, pp.321-325, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s003380050205

T. Mcclanahan, M. Marnane, J. Cinner, and W. Kiene, A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management, Current Biology, vol.16, issue.14, pp.1408-1413, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.062

S. Gaines, C. White, M. Carr, and S. Palumbi, Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.22, issue.1, pp.18286-18293, 2010.
DOI : 10.1890/07-0067.1

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/107/43/18286.full.pdf

L. Crowder, S. Lyman, W. Figueira, and J. Priddy, Source-sink population dynamics and the problems of siting marine reserves, Bulletin of Marine Science, pp.799-820, 2000.

J. Kellner, I. Gaines, S. Nisbet, and R. M. , FISHING THE LINE NEAR MARINE RESERVES IN SINGLE AND MULTISPECIES FISHERIES, Ecological Applications, vol.17, issue.4, pp.1039-1054, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/338993

URL : https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt8bq73227/qt8bq73227.pdf

J. Nowlis and C. Roberts, Fisheries benefits and optimal design of marine reserves, Fishery Bulletin, vol.97, pp.604-616, 1999.

L. Rodwell, E. Barbier, C. Roberts, and T. Mcclanahan, A MODEL OF TROPICAL MARINE RESERVE-FISHERY LINKAGES, Natural Resource Modeling, vol.198, issue.4, pp.453-486, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-8779-2_2

R. Hilborn, K. Stokes, J. Maguire, T. Smith, and L. Botsford, When can marine reserves improve fisheries management?, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.47, issue.3-4, pp.197-205, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.04.001

M. Ruckelshaus and A. Guerry, Valuing marine ecosystems?, The Marine Scientist, vol.26, pp.26-29, 2009.

J. Kirkpatrick, An iterative method for establishing priorities for the selection of nature reserves: An example from Tasmania, Biological Conservation, vol.25, issue.2, pp.127-134, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(83)90056-3

C. Wabnitz, S. Andréfouët, and F. Muller-karger, Measuring progress toward global marine conservation targets, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.50, issue.3, pp.124-129, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.08.012

, COP 8 -Eighth Ordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity Decision VIII/15: Framework for monitoring implementation of the achievement of the 2010 target and integration of targets into the thematic programmes of work, Convention on Biological Diversity, pp.20-31, 2006.

, Benefits beyond boundaries, Proceedings of the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 2005.

S. Linquist, But is it progress? On the alleged advances of conservation biology over ecology, Biology & Philosophy, vol.13, issue.2, pp.529-544, 2008.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511498558

S. Norris, Madagascar Defiant, BioScience, vol.56, issue.12, pp.960-965, 2006.
DOI : 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[960:MD]2.0.CO;2

A. Knight, A. Driver, R. Cowling, K. Maze, and P. Desmet, Designing Systematic Conservation Assessments that Promote Effective Implementation: Best Practice from South Africa, Conservation Biology, vol.8, issue.3, pp.739-750, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.279.5359.2060

E. Lagabrielle, A. Botta, W. Daré, D. David, and S. Aubert, Modelling with stakeholders to integrate biodiversity into land-use planning ??? Lessons learned in R??union Island (Western Indian Ocean), Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.25, issue.11, pp.1413-1427, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.01.011

P. Christie, Marine protected areas as biological successes and social failures in southeast Asia, American Fisheries Society Symposium, vol.42, pp.155-164, 2004.

R. Johannes, The Renaissance of Community-Based Marine Resource Management in Oceania, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.317-340, 2002.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150524

T. Mcclanahan, S. Mwaguni, and N. Muthiga, Management of the Kenyan coast, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.48, issue.11-12, pp.901-931, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2005.03.005

E. Meir, S. Andelman, and H. Possingham, Does conservation planning matter in a dynamic and uncertain world?, Ecology Letters, vol.1805, issue.8, pp.615-622, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02422