C. Amante and B. W. Eakins, ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures , Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA technical memorandum NESDIS NGDC- 24, 2009.

J. Bardintzeff, J. Liegeois, B. Bonin, H. Bellon, and G. Rasamimanana, Madagascar volcanic provinces linked to the Gondwana break-up: Geochemical and isotopic evidences for contrasting mantle sources, Gondwana Research, vol.18, issue.2-3, pp.295-314, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gr.2009.11.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00463897

M. P. Barmin, M. H. Ritzwoller, and A. L. Levshin, A Fast and Reliable Method for Surface Wave Tomography, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol.158, issue.8, pp.1351-1375, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00001225

G. Barruol, K. Sigloch, D. Anr, C. Ipev, T. et al., RHUM-RUM group 2012 RHUM-RUM experimentRéunion Hotspot and Upper Mantle ? Réunion's Unterer Mantel) funded by Réunion ; RESIF ? Réseau Sismologique et géodésique Français, pp.2011-2015

G. D. Bensen, M. H. Ritzwoller, M. P. Barmin, A. L. Levshin, F. Lin et al., Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements, Geophysical Journal International, vol.169, issue.3, pp.1239-1260, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03374.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310198

S. Chevrot, High-resolution imaging of the Pyrenees and Massif Central from the data of the PYROPE and IBERARRAY portable array deployments, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.208, issue.B4, pp.6399-6420, 2014.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JB002514

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01066009

M. F. Coffin and P. D. Rabinowitz, Reconstruction of Madagascar and Africa: Evidence from the Davie Fracture Zone and Western Somali Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.8, issue.B9, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/JB092iB09p09385

A. S. Collins, Madagascar and the amalgamation of Central Gondwana, Gondwana Research, vol.9, issue.1-2, pp.3-16, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gr.2005.10.001

R. Cox, D. B. Zentner, A. M. Rakotondrazafy, and C. F. Rasoazanamparany, Shakedown in Madagascar: Occurrence of lavakas (erosional gullies) associated with seismic activity, Geology, vol.38, issue.2, pp.179-182, 2010.
DOI : 10.1130/G30670.1

A. M. Dziewonski and D. L. Anderson, Preliminary reference Earth model, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol.25, issue.4, pp.297-356, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7

C. J. Ebinger and N. H. Sleep, Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume, Nature, vol.395, issue.6704, pp.788-791, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/27417

C. M. Emerick and R. A. Duncan, Age progressive volcanism in the Comores Archipelago, western Indian Ocean and implications for Somali plate tectonics, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.60, issue.3, pp.415-428, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(82)90077-2

D. W. Forsyth and A. Li, Array analysis of two-dimensional variations in surface wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy in the presence of multipathing interference Seismic Earth: Array Analysis of Broadband Seismograms, 2005.

A. M. Forte, S. Quéré, R. Moucha, N. A. Simmons, S. P. Grand et al., Joint seismic???geodynamic-mineral physical modelling of African geodynamics: A reconciliation of deep-mantle convection with surface geophysical constraints, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.295, issue.3-4, pp.329-341, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.017

J. Fourno and J. Roussel, Imaging of the Moho depth in Madagascar through the inversion of gravity data: geodynamic implications, Terra Nova, vol.96, issue.2, pp.512-519, 1994.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1442180

A. D. Gibbons, J. M. Whittaker, and R. D. Müller, The breakup of East Gondwana: Assimilating constraints from Cretaceous ocean basins around India into a best-fit tectonic model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.10, issue.1-2, pp.808-822, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2011TC002912

N. L. Grimison and W. Chen, Earthquakes in the Davie Ridge-Madagascar region and the southern Nubian-Somalian plate boundary, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.14, issue.B9, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/JB093iB09p10439

R. B. Herrmann and C. J. Ammon, Computer Programs in Seismology Version 3.20: Surface Waves, Receiver Functions, and Crustal Structure, 2002.

G. Jin and J. B. Gaherty, Surface wave phase-velocity tomography based on multichannel cross-correlation, Geophysical Journal International, vol.201, issue.3, pp.1383-1398, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggv079

B. L. Kennett, E. R. Engdahl, and R. Buland, Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from traveltimes, Geophysical Journal International, vol.122, issue.1, pp.108-124, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03540.x

E. Larose, A. Derode, D. Clorennec, L. Margerin, and M. Campillo, Passive retrieval of Rayleigh waves in disordered elastic media, Physical Review E, vol.72, issue.4, p.46607, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.72.046607

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00109948

G. Laske, G. Masters, Z. Ma, and M. Pasyanos, Update on CRUST1.0 ? A 1-degree global model of Earth's crust, 2013.

A. L. Levshin, L. Ratnikova, and J. Berger, Peculiarities of surface wave propagation across Central Eurasia, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am, vol.82, pp.2464-2493, 1992.

A. Li and K. Burke, Upper mantle structure of southern Africa from Rayleigh wave tomography, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.104, issue.B9, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JB004321

S. Lin, B. Kuo, L. Chiao, and P. E. Van-keken, Thermal plume models and melt generation in East Africa: A dynamic modeling approach, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.237, issue.1-2, pp.175-192, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.049

L. Michon, The volcanism of the Comores archipelago integrated at a regional scale Active Volcanoes of the Southwest Indian Ocean: Piton de la Fournaise and Karthala. Active Volcanoes of the World, pp.333-344, 2016.

J. Nougier, J. M. Cantagrel, and J. P. Karche, The Comores archipelago in the western Indian Ocean: volcanology, geochronology and geodynamic setting, Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983), vol.5, issue.2, pp.135-144, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0899-5362(86)90003-5

A. A. Nyblade, T. J. Owens, H. Gurrola, J. Ritsema, and C. A. Langston, Seismic evidence for a deep upper mantle thermal anomaly beneath east Africa, Geology, vol.28, issue.7, pp.599-602, 2000.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<599:SEFADU>2.0.CO;2

J. Pacquette, B. Moine, and M. Rakotondrazafy, ID-TIMS using the step-wise dissolution technique versus ion microprobe U???Pb dating of metamict Archean zircons from NE Madagascar, Precambrian Research, vol.121, issue.1-2, pp.523-538, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00200-0

C. Petit, C. Tiberi, A. Deschamps, and J. Déverchère, Teleseismic traveltimes, topography and the lithospheric structure across central Mongolia, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.138, issue.B3, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2008GL033993

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00304407

S. Pilet, J. Hernandez, F. Bussy, and P. J. Sylvester, Short-term metasomatic control of Nb/Th ratios in the mantle sources of intraplate basalts, Geology, vol.32, issue.2, pp.113-116, 2004.
DOI : 10.1130/G19953.1

P. D. Rabinowitz, M. F. Coffin, and D. Falvey, The Separation of Madagascar and Africa, Science, vol.220, issue.4592, pp.67-69, 1983.
DOI : 10.1126/science.220.4592.67

S. A. Rakotondraompiana, Y. Albouy, and A. Piqué, Mod??le de lithosph??re pour l'??le de Madagascar (oc??an Indien occidental): nouvelle interpr??tation des donn??es gravim??triques, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.28, issue.4, pp.961-973, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00072-X

E. J. Rindraharisaona, M. Guidarelli, A. Aoudia, and G. Rambolamanana, Earth structure and instrumental seismicity of Madagascar: Implications on the seismotectonics, Tectonophysics, vol.594, pp.165-181, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.03.033

M. H. Ritzwoller, N. M. Shapiro, A. L. Levshin, E. A. Bergman, and E. R. Engdahl, Ability of a global three-dimensional model to locate regional events, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.76, issue.B12, p.2353, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JB001777

G. G. Roberts, J. D. Paul, N. White, and J. Winterbourne, Temporal and spatial evolution of dynamic support from river profiles: A framework for Madagascar, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.453, issue.B8, 2012.
DOI : 10.1029/2012GC004040

J. Y. Roig, R. D. Tucker, C. Delor, S. G. Peters, and H. Théveniaut, Carte géologique de la Répulique de Madagascar à 1/1000000, Ministère des Mines, PGRM, Antananarivo , République Madagascar, 1 Color sheet, 2012.

E. Saria, E. Calais, D. S. Stamps, D. Delvaux, and C. Hartnady, Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.115, issue.B9, pp.3584-3600, 2014.
DOI : 10.1029/2009JB006779

N. M. Shapiro and M. Campillo, Emergence of broadband Rayleigh waves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.110, issue.B12, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GL019491

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00107919

D. S. Stamps, G. Iaffaldano, and E. Calais, Role of mantle flow in Nubia-Somalia plate divergence, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.189, issue.12, pp.290-296, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05427.x

M. Storey, J. J. Mahoney, A. D. Saunders, R. A. Duncan, S. P. Kelley et al., Timing of Hot Spot--Related Volcanism and the Breakup of Madagascar and India, Science, vol.267, issue.5199, pp.852-855, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.267.5199.852

F. Tilmann, X. Yuan, G. Rümpker, and E. Rindraharisaona, SELASOMA project, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ. Seismic Network, 2012.

T. H. Torsvik, R. D. Tucker, L. D. Ashwal, E. A. Eide, N. A. Rakotosolofo et al., Late Cretaceous magmatism in Madagascar: palaeomagnetic evidence for a stationary Marion hotspot, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.164, issue.1-2, pp.221-232, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00206-4

R. D. Tucker and J. Conrad, 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology of Mesozoic and younger igneous rocks of central and northern Madagascar. Final report of the BGS-USGS Consortium to the Government of Madagascar, 2008.

R. D. Tucker, J. Roig, P. Y. Macey, C. Delor, Y. Amelin et al., A new geological framework for south-central Madagascar, and its relevance to the ???out-of-Africa??? hypothesis, Precambrian Research, vol.185, issue.3-4, pp.109-130, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.precamres.2010.12.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00669773

L. Wen, A compositional anomaly at the Earth's core???mantle boundary as an anchor to the relatively slowly moving surface hotspots and as source to the DUPAL anomaly, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.246, issue.1-2, pp.138-148, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.024

M. E. Wysession, D. A. Wiens, and A. A. Nyblade, Investigation of sources of intraplate volcanism using PASSCAL broadband instruments in Madagascar, The Comores, and Mozambique. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks . Other/Seismic Network, 2011.

Y. Yang and D. W. Forsyth, Regional tomographic inversion of the amplitude and phase of Rayleigh waves with 2-D sensitivity kernels, Geophysical Journal International, vol.166, issue.3, pp.1148-1160, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02972.x